Republican Jeff Wilson from Washington state said he was charged with possession of an unregistered firearm and had a court hearing set for October 30.
Wilson was arrested at the Hong Kong airport on Friday night after arriving on a flight from San Francisco.
"It was an honest mistake, and I expect the situation to be resolved shortly," his office said in a statement Monday.
The state legislator said he did not realise his pistol was in his briefcase when he passed through US airport security and only discovered the unloaded weapon mid-flight.
Wilson said he reported the issue to customs officials after the plane landed.
Possession of arms or ammunition without a licence in Hong Kong carries a maximum penalty of 14 years in jail and a HK$100,000 ($12,800) fine.
Wilson said he was travelling with his wife on a five-week personal holiday to Southeast Asia.
A Hong Kong magistrate on Monday granted Wilson's bail, confiscated his travel documents, and ordered him not to leave the city, according to Hong Kong broadsheet Sing Tao Daily.
Washington state's Senate Republican leader John Braun said he was watching the situation closely and hoped it would be resolved in a timely manner.
"We are learning about the incident with (Wilson) at the same time as the press and public here in America. As I understand it, this was an honest mistake," Braun wrote in a statement.
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